Sports Event Audit free essay sample

I’ve recently attended the Men’s basketball home game against Wisconsin on March 2nd, 2013 to witness this chant first hand but primarily I attended the game in regards to evaluating the event from a consultant’s perspective. Prior to the basketball game that day there was of course pre-event advertising and promotions used as tactics in order to attract fans. The day of the game it was Assembly Hall’s 50th year anniversary. Those in charge of promotion and publicity used the venue’s 50th year of establishment in order to draw more fans and attention to the game. There was a mass mail email sent out the students here at the university about the game and the anniversary. The email included information regarding the history of Assembly Hall as well a special ticket pricing for this anniversary event. The ticket special would appeal to more people due to the lower prices. Traffic control is a major factor when it comes to organizing any sports event. Traffic control is important because this regulates safety as well as the customers’ satisfaction in attending your event. While in route to the basketball, which was set to start at 4:15PM there was light traffic, essentially just as much traffic as there would be on any other Saturday evening in my opinion. After the game however, traffic was at an absolute deadlock. There were traffic officers directing cars to their best abilities in order to provide a safe route to leave. The traffic officers had on their uniforms and reflective vest due to the darkness. The parking lot was completely jammed pack to the point where there was a five-minute wait just turn out of the parking lot. I personally did not drive to the game and was given a ride where I was dropped off directly in front of the main doors and ticketing booth. I was able to drive down the â€Å"drop-off only/will call† area directed and labeled by signs. Assembly Halls does offer parking in the four quadrants surrounding the building as well as across from First Street in the parking lot E-14. The area of parking makes the distance to assembly hall not that bad of a distance at while walking. During this basketball game there were no parking attendants on duty before the game. The parking fees are seven dollars per car or motorcycle and fifth-teen dollars per bus. The parking system follows a â€Å"first come, first serve† basis. The ticketing operations I feel are one if not the most important factor when it comes to organizing a sports event. Ensuring that you have enough tickets, the promotion of the tickets, and providing the tickets are the key elements. The tickets pave as access to get into any sporting event. The ticketing personnel wore their uniforms and were any distinguishable. For the basketball games held at Assembly hall you can purchase tickets various ways. You can order tickets online and print out your own ticket stub, you can also call and confirm tickets via will call and you can also purchase tickets at the ticket booth located at the front doors of Assembly hall. I think that those in charge of the ticketing operations did a very good job with the aspects I previously listed. Not to mention there were people outside the doors and around the ticket booth selling unwanted tickets for their own prices. The ticketing attendants in the booth were in charge of distributing the tickets those who have not already purchased them. The ticket prices varied upon level of sitting A, B, C, to be exact the A level is closest to the floor while C level is closest to the rafters of the arena. Of course the closer you are to the floor the more money the ticket will cost. My ticket cost was about eleven dollars because I sat in the C level, while the B level was 25 dollars, and the A level was 40 dollars for a ticket. As I stated earlier there was a special package deal, which consisted of four C level tickets for 50 dollars because of the 50th anniversary of assembly hall. Once entering the building you have more ticketing attendants who rip off stubs on both the main level and upper level of the arena. Three different levels classify the seating in the Assembly hall. The first level is floor seating, the second level seating is about the first 30 rows, and while the last and last highest level are rows 40 going back towards the top of the structure. I think that the idea behind the seating structure was to create the most possible seats for fans. There are over 16,000 seats at Assembly Hall. There were ushers at the opening of each seating sections that were labeled by numbers. The usher directed me towards my seat without me asking which were only a few rows before top row of is seats in the building. It was easy gaining access due to the labeling of the rows and seat numbers on the side of the stairs as you walk up them. Towards the end of the game I conversed with an usher. She was very enthusiastic and knowledgeable of other areas of the arena. She stated that she had been working at Assembly hall for years and really enjoys helping people. The seats were not that comfortable they were hard plastic with no seating cushion included. I would definitely invest in more comfortable seating throughout the arena. The sight line in my opinion were fine however, there was a man in the row in front me who had binoculars in the audience. I asked him if he used the binoculars because who could not see because of the layout structure of the seating and he responded it was due to fact of his weak eyesight. As far as the organization of the concessions stands I was quite impressed. There were concession stands every 500ft on each floor of the arena. This is definitely beneficial because of course or going to become hungry and its basic supply and demand as far as the prices go. I stopped at one concession stand to record some of their menu items. The concession stand sold typical products in my opinion such as, hot dogs, pretzels, nachos, candy, pizza, fountain beverages, and bottled waters. The products were a little over priced being about one or two dollars than what you would usually pay outside of arena setting. The concession stand had around six workers that had their own individual stations, which aided in the process an effective and quick checkout process for the customers. The workers had a great attitude in assisting the customer in what they asked for with no problem. There were also special carts that served items such as barbeque and others that served ice cream they as well portrayed excellent customer service. I talked to a worker of a concession stand he explained that there is only right way to come to work and that is with the best attitude possible. He stated it makes everything much easier from customer relationships and the relationship of the manager on duty. Merchandise vendors were scattered among the first and second level floors but not as often as all the concession stands. I believe that there could have more stands in order to generate more revenue. I stopped at one merchandise vendor and took down a inventory of what they were selling. They had U of I t-shirts, Jersey number t-shirts, hats, posters, mini basketballs, and magnet schedules. From the looks of their stock in the open there was a good supply of items in which they would have enough to sell in order to make a profit. The quality of the products seemed fine or average nothing appeared to be lacking quality and neither did anything seem to have amazing quality. The pricing for shirts was overpriced in my opinion by being anywhere from 20 to 25 dollars for a shirt. Every other product I listed above seemed fair that would be a good equilibrium price for both seller and buyer. There were a very high number of restrooms in Assembly Hall. There were about four restrooms on each floor separated by seating sections basically. I visited four bathrooms, two bathrooms on the first floor and two bathrooms of the second floor. Each one of the bathrooms that I visited was very clean. There were also lower urinals next to taller ones for children. There is a lot of signage all throughout the arena there were signs everywhere. Directional signs were right above your head and in the line of sight leading you to seating, bathroom, and concession areas. When you looked at the court all over the scoreboards and announcer’s table there were signs from and ads from sponsors. There were even signs on the building itself for example if you were looking for section number it would be located on the on the stone portion of the building and not a wall. The signs were not clutter or confusing but instead very easy to follow and were easily used as a guide. The atmosphere was an amazing part of the game. The atmosphere of a game is in my opinion one of the most versatile factor of organizing an event. You want all spectators to enjoy their selves throughout and not have a bad experience atmosphere can greatly affect this experience. I asked three people how atmosphere impacted their sporting experience. All there of them responded similarly adding that the best part of being at Assembly Hall are all of the fans chanting and everyone coming together to root for their home team. One of the three people that I asked the question responded that personally think that something that would have made their experience better if they had vendors up and down the aisles with snacks and beverages. During slow moments of the game the announcer would let us know of future events. There was also sponsor advertisement located on the jumbotron and announcer’s table as well as scoreboards. Music was played throughout the arena simultaneously especially during slow moments of the game and timeouts. The fans were completely in tune with the game of course they participated in the â€Å"I-L-L-I-N-I† chant at specific moments of the game. Of course there was the typical banter of gameplay by fans. Some fans were encouraging while others wee angry when players were angry. One thing that I noticed was that the fans participated in the â€Å"loud-o-meter† that flashed across the jumbotron during crucial moments of the game. I felt as if that was a great way to get fans involved with the action that was going on the court. Some event extenders were t-shirt cannons targeted at the audience, there was a raffle to win autographed basketball. Something that I’ve never noticed before was that at half time everyone rose to sing the school song in harmony. The only thing that came close to this was during the national anthem. During halftime and timeouts the cheerleading would perform and or do aerial stunts across of the court keep fans entertained we all as spectators waited for the action to continue. In conclusion the basketball was organized very well as it should have been due to the level of professionalism among those working in colligate basketball. Overall I would make slight changes in order to enhance the fans experience. The atmosphere level was great but I agree with the one spectator whom I asked about his experience with the idea of hiring vendors to walk up and down the aisles. Some people may want to purchase food but do not want it enough to actually get up and purchase it this would solve this problem. I would say that it is always important to keep well-rounded employees of areas of career opportunities in order to maintain the best customer service as possible. A person attitude or lack of knowledge could deeply impact a person’s experience at your sporting events. I also think that provide spectators with the most comfortable surroundings is an important aspect that Assembly hall should consider, comfortable seats for example. Making sure that the elements of organizing a sporting event are completely satisfied it will lead the most successful event and I believe this basketball game was very successful.

Good College Essays Tips

Good College Essays Tips The essay that's full of bad puns or off-color jokes will often wind up in the rejection pile. Your reader will know your little storyline is probably an extremely great example of a bigger total, and your anecdotes could create your story a wonderful deal more unforgettable. Also, humor isn't a replacement for substance. In case the matter is personal, that's simple to do. Bear in mind, however, that it's rarely a great concept to emulate somebody else's topic or writing style. The work, which demands the complete attention and a very clear mind. Don't pretend you've got the last truth. The Little-Known Secrets to Good College Essays Unfortunately, stumbling in the TMI zone of essay topics is more prevalent than you believe. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to individuals who are really interested in how you are going to handle the subsequent four years by yourself. A Socio-Economic Crisis Domestic violence against women isn't a person or family issue. Utilizing real sample college essays that worked will provide you a good idea of. They come in different types, and each of them has a unique purpose that the student should focus on to make a good essay. Students regularly are having trouble with writing their personal essay since most colleges only o ffer you minimal rules. The student must devote plenty of time for brainstorming and research to produce a great essay. The essay is where to allow the admissions office of your intended college get to understand your personality, character, and the talents and techniques that aren't on your transcript. Many applicants don't make the most of the essaythey choose the incorrect question, write about an inappropriate subject, or simply fail to assemble a compelling essay. Many college applicants make the error of attempting to include things like all their accomplishments and activities in their application essays. Start with taking some notes about just what the essay is presently asking. Every essay needs to have a specific structure. A fantastic essay is able to help you get accepted to your dream school. Now you'll need to acquire a really excellent admission essay! Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. You may also enlist the aid of a professional writing coach that will be able to help you follow your targets and produce progress with writing and revising. Prior to starting custom essays, you'll locate certainly always a couple writing. Locating a legit essay writing service could be the big issue for the majority of students. The Downside Risk of Good College Essays In fact, it's possibly the most essential portion of your essay, because it draws in the reader. Nowadays it is quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Stephen's essay is quite effective. A mediocre essay can promote rejection. When you're done writing, have a close fri end or relative look it over and provide you honest advice. The college essay is essential since it's the sole region of the application process that has the ability to genuinely showcase who you are as a learner and as someone. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find an appropriate writer for your paper. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. 1 way to acquire a notion of what colleges are searching for is to read some amazing essays from students who've been successful in their bid to go into a selective university. If you've already graduated from college or university and are trying to find a superior job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. The whole procedure for applying to college is tricky from the start. Well, maybe not... The procedure for getting into college appears to secure more complex each calendar year, as an increasing n umber of students understand that they need higher education to attain their targets. Many universities and colleges around the world need you to compose an admission essay for a part of the application strategy. Scholarship Help Students can locate a plethora of information about scholarships on the internet. Colleges are not searching for perfect folks. They want to get to know more about you. Thus following is only a list of measures that you find it possible to choose to try locate the creative ideas flowing. Chancing upon a high quality essay writer isn't quite as simple as you think as you'll probably be bombarded with too many choices when you begin searching for them on the internet. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. The great news is, I can provide help.

Ecological Topics For A Paper

Ecological Topics For A PaperWhen writing an ecological topic for a paper, you need to be able to use words that have a meaning that is easier to relate to students. Many students are learning the ecological world from television, movies, and other mediums where there is more environmental awareness than at home. In this environment, it is important to be able to provide a paper on one of the most important topics that will have impact in the world today.Having an eco-friendly paper does not necessarily mean you have to read environmental books or be a lifeguard. You can write a simple ecological topics for a paper about the meaning of two words - animals and plants. The simple ecological topics for a paper about animals and plants will have a powerful impact on the student's mind.The world's ecosystems are interconnected so you need to show the importance of the interrelationships between animals and plants. Because of this, you will have to explain how animals and plants came toget her to create a certain ecosystem. You will also need to talk about why these animals and plants survive without humans.When writing a paper on the meaning of animals and plants, it is important to use key words such as 'eat', 'habitat', 'breed', 'survival', and 'change'. These keywords have the meaning of 'communicate'habitat'. You can also include the definition of the word 'feed' in your paper.Hatching is another important concept. This involves creating certain types of eggs or seedling and allowing them to grow into certain types of plants. Your ecological topics for a paper will have to talk about how these eggs or seedlings were created through the combination of animals and plants.Explain how schools help the ecosystem by using an interactive teaching tool for students. Talk about how schools help prevent extinctions by using environmental education to help students learn about the importance of the environment and the earth. This can be done by making children experience th e same ecological environments in their class. This can be done by allowing children to touch and taste the vegetation in the classroom.You will also need to include teaching material that can be used for teaching your ecology class. This can be done by using pictures of animals and plants, whether they are shown on slides or printed on posters. Talk about the teaching materials that have been created for environmental education.Your teaching material can be anything from a slide show that shows a habitat made up of animal and plant life. The information can be expanded to allow the class to see how animals and plants live in the classroom. You can even put them all together in an interactive teaching program that can be printed out and given to students to use in their ecology classes.

Argumentative Essay Topics Huckleberry Finn

Argumentative Essay Topics Huckleberry FinnArgumentative essay topics Huckleberry Finn is the first book by Mark Twain, where Huck Finn is an unorthodox American historian who defends the people against the commonwealth. He fights against colonialism, against the abuse of Indians by the white colonizers and also against the corrupt attitudes towards American Indians.Huckleberry Finn is written in the first person and he always describes events from his point of view. So we can assume that what we read will always be his point of view. As his approach is to throw away bias and accept a point of view, you can be sure that whatever he writes in this article will also be his opinion.You can find Huckleberry Finn in the public library, I found one in Thomas's public library. I also bought a second edition that I might also read as I have been informed that this book has a revised edition and I guess that I should try to read the revised edition.If you wish to read something written by Huc kleberry Finn that will help you with your argumentative essay topics, you can use the first and third paragraph. Huckleberry tells us that the Blackfeet call the buffalo animals, so he will probably prefer them in our essay topic.When you have read the first and third paragraph, you must take time to look at the other three paragraphs because they are basically his full thoughts. Take a few minutes to look at the other three paragraphs and see what you think.Then you can use the public library again to download Huckleberry Finn. Again, Huckleberry tells us that he is the kind of historian who loves to use his own words. So take some time to look through some of his works and you will be surprised with what you can find.The first three paragraphs of Huckleberry Finn, are actually his main points in his essay topic. So whatever you write in your argumentative essay topics will be your own opinions.

Poetry Essay Introduction Sample - Writing an Essay Introduction For Poetry

Poetry Essay Introduction Sample - Writing an Essay Introduction For PoetryThe first thing you have to know when writing a poetry essay introduction sample is that you have to be concise. There is no point in wasting your time on something that takes away from the substance of your paper. Remember, if you were to write a short poem you might include all of the details in a poem essay introduction sample.Instead, if you are going to use a poetry essay introduction sample to help you formulate your topic, make sure that you get down to the essentials. There is not going to be room for too much detail or filler in the article and by the time you get to the last paragraph, it will appear as though you did not really go into any detail at all.Your idea of length for your poetry essay introduction sample should be based on how long you feel it would take you to read through. If you feel that it would take you a while to finish your introduction then you can go for a longer one. As long as you do not go over three pages, it will be okay. All you need to remember is that you are writing to inform and entertain your readers.The other thing you should remember about a poetry essay introduction sample is that it should be short and sweet. There is no need to go on too long and make your article seems more like a novel than a piece of writing. If you find that you have to go over an hour to get to the point then it might be best to give up on the idea. It might sound harsh but it might be worth it in the end.Make sure that you also read the poetry essay introduction sample before you write any of your content. This way you can be sure that you are not going to be plagiarizing someone else's work.If you follow this advice, it will allow you to stay true to your personal style and be able to convey your ideas without turning into a speech. This means that you will be able to write better poetry essays introduction samples than you ever thought possible. There are many ways t o go about writing these papers so keep these tips in mind.Remember that you want to come up with your own personal style and that this will help you come up with ideas that people will find appealing. Keep this in mind when you are trying to come up with a poem essay introduction sample. Use these guidelines and you will come up with some interesting pieces.

Summary HOPE on Earth Essay Example

Summary: HOPE on Earth Essay He is an Australian trial scientist, explorer and writer who devotes his Intelligence on environmental sustainability and conservation. This book highlights Impacts of human activity to the environment. The actually already disadvantages the earth. It advocates that people do need to change their behaviors for a healthier environment. In the following paragraphs, it will present this book summary to explain how human being affects the environment with theories; it will also present the critique (strength and weakness) to this book. Book Summary Here On Earth: An Argument For Hope is an informed book to advocate environmental conservation. It presents rich history to explain a progress that species activity Impacts on environment. It provides amassing arguments that explore the relationship between human beings survival and environment. It also explains what the sustainability Is. The author expects to raise an environmental concern to people, it makes them thoughtful in dealing with environmental protection. The book begins with a series of prominent natural-scientific theories. Charles Darwin invented his influential theory species evolution in 1858 after the voyage of Beagle. The main idea in the theory states that human being has to change its habits, behaviors and characteristics, in any minute, it is to better off itself to a better condition and adapts the changing environment for survival. The theory elucidates the relationship between the survival and environment; surrounding of human being is changing over time, for the purpose of survival, it needs to change based on the dynamic environmental condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: HOPE on Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: HOPE on Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary: HOPE on Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Richard Adkins was regarded as Darnings predecessor, It developed Its selfish-gene theory derived from Darnings contribution. Adkins theory believed species had the be ruthless selfishness to environment. The theory illustrates a serious consequence that the selfish gene leads to a situation overproduced resources for the survival. Richard Adkins theory is looked like a cruel tragedy in environmental consequence, in contrast to this idea, there is a win-win theory that is created by Alfred Russell Wallace, a British naturalist and biologist. Wallachs theory focuses on whole universe. It states that rain, air, atmosphere dust these natural elements are essential sources or conditions for living. His discovery presents that this world is not the survival of fittest (Darnings idea), rather, it is an interdependent community. Underlying this theory, the author put forward that cooperation between human being and environment is a condition to coexist. Based on these theories, it brings out an argument about species survival and environment. Made hypothesis and Gaga hypothesis represents two different explanations in this argument. In Made hypothesis, species extreme competition in survival would lead to catastrophe. Likes, human being exhausts all resources in the earth, the exhaustion can prompt the species extinction and environmental catastrophe. Gaga hypothesis explains earth has its self-regulated mechanism to change environment constantly. If human being destroys a place, earth would revenge, likes desertification. Therefore, it suggests human being should be friendly and cooperative with environment for sustainable survival. Subsequently, the author illustrates humans activities has influenced the environment. Such as utilization of nuclear energy, atomic bomb can produce substantial irradiative pollution in environment. The emerging issue Green House Gas is a representative example to illustrate how human beings activities affect the temperature change. The author appeals human being does need to change its environmental-harmful behaviors for sustainable survival. Critique Weakness One thing in this book needs to improve. The thing is about the inferences of Gaga hypothesis. One of beliefs in this hypothesis, the earth has self-regulated system that can adjust environment to species survival. Author states Green House is an example to explain that environment change can affect temperature. Therefore, author concludes human being should cooperate with earth for better survival. However, there is no credible evident to prove the self-regulated system existed; it would be skeptical, whether the self-regulated system really exists and it really affects the environment. If one of things in this hypothesis is skeptical, the reliability of analysis to prove this point, rather than depending on enormous qualitative explanation. It can strengthen the point by the relevant evident. Strength Even though there is a weaknesses, this book is very convenience, credible and arguable. It has strong theoretic foundation to analyze origin of species, evolution and environment, such as profound development of Darnings theory, Made hypothesis and Gain system. It has concrete cases to support its argument. Likes, the author set up cases to demonstrate artificial toxic substance exacerbates the environment; the BPCS (polycarbonate phenyl) is a toxin to ruin the Gain system. It also has the sound development in social reasons that affects the ecosystem. It states the overpopulation, poverty, overcompensation, great inequality between rich and poor ND so forth, these social problems are obstacles to greener and healthier environment. There is a point from a Journal also enhance the argument. It concludes two main threats to environmental sustainability are population growth and economic growth (York et al 2003). China is the largest population country in the world, and its population is still intense growth per year; it means that it supplies huge resources (such as food) to sustain people survival (York et al 2003). American economic growth causes pollution also, the car polluted emission in America every ear is terrible (York et al 2003). Conclusion In conclusion, this book delivers a rich theoretic foundation and cases to address environmental issues. It begins with Charles Darnings evolution theory to explain species survival affected by dynamic environment. Subsequently, Made and Gaga hypothesis present two different views of the species survival. Author applies the theories to cases to explain how human beings activities change the environment. Overall, this book is very convenience and arguable, audience is persuaded to really to act in protecting its only home earth.

review sheet Essays

review sheet Essays review sheet Essay review sheet Essay M. J. Jarzombek and V. Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, 2nd ed. , New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Moffett, Marian, Michael Fazio and Lawrence Wodehouse, Buildings Across Time, an Introduction to World Architecture, London: Laurence King Publishing, 2004. Trachtenberg, Marvin and Isabelle Hyman, Architecture from Prehistory to Postmodernism: The Western Tradition, 2nd ed. , New York and Englewood Cliffs, 2002. Ingersoll, Richard and Spiro Kostof, World Architecture: A Cross-cultural History, New York and Oxford, 2012. Nuttgens, Patrick, The Story of Architecture, 2nd ed. , London: Phaidon Press, 1997. Sutton, Ian, Western Architecture: From Ancient Greece to the Present, London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. Relevant readings from these texts are indicated in the detailed course syllabus. A glossary of architectural terminology is available at the end of Ingersolls book (pp. 957-964, Chings book (pp. 799-807), Moffetts book (pp. 68-571), and Trachtenbergs book (pp. 83-589). Bibliographies are organized chronologically at the end of Ching (pp. 809-818), Moffett (pp. 572-575), Trachtenberg (pp. 591-601), and at the end of each section of Ingersolls book. EXAMS: There will be three hour-exams on the following dates: First Hour-Exam: Monday, September 30, 10:00 am Second Hour-Exam: Monday, November 4, 10:00 am Third Hour-Exam: Monday , December 16, 1 1 am ASSIGNMENTS: discussion sections: October 24/25 November 21/22 These writing assignments will be linked to specific assigned readings and are intended to address reading comprehension skills. The readings will be available at east one week in advance and you will be required, in your discussion section, to respond to specific questions about the content and the authors arguments. Your responses will be written during your discussion section in blank Blue Books; all responses must be handed in at the end of the class. IMAGES: Powerpoint images shown in lectures will be accessible on Blackboard Learn, organized by lecture. Each student registered for the course will also be registered on Blackboard Learn. GRADING for students enrolled ARCH 2350: First Hour-Exam Second Hour-Exam Third Hour-Exam Writing Assignments x 2 @ 15% each Attendance, professionalism and class participation in discussion sections GRADING for students enrolled ARCH 6340: First Hour Exam Second Hour Exam Third Hour Exam Essays x 2 @ 15% each Short paper (1000 words), topic, due date tba GENERAL INFORMATION Prerequisite for students enrolled in ARCH 2350: English 1304, 1310 or its equivalent, completed or being taken concurrently. The content of the discussion sections (labs) will include discussion and clarification of the weekly lectures, specifically with the intent of understanding how architectural history can be relevant to the present, especially to contemporary rchitectural design. Attendance will be taken at each session and students are expected to participate in discussions. In order to perform well in this course, you must regularly attend both the lectures and the discussion sections. The material covered on the hour exams derives directly Make-up exams and make-up essays will be given only with a legitimate doctors note, police report or court order. There will be no make-up for the third hour exam. Plagiarism, defined as the appropriation or imitation of the language, ideas, or thoughts of another author, and representation of them as ones original work, will NOT be tolerated. Penalties may include a failing grade in the course, suspension, or expulsion from the university. The last day to drop the course with a grade of MT is Friday, November 1, 5:00pm. The university will NOT allow any withdrawals after this date. The University of Houston System complies with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, pertaining to the provision of reasonable academic adjustments/auxiliary aids for students with a disability. In accordance with Section 504 and ADA guidelines, each University within the System trives to provide reasonable academic adjustments/auxiliary aids to students who request and require them. If you believe that you have a disability requiring an academic adjustments/auxiliary aid, please contact the student disability services center at 713-743-5400. Schedule of Lectures Monday, August 26 Introduction and overview of the course Wednesday, August 28 Prehistoric Architecture-Late New Stone Age Monday, September 2 NO CLASS: Labor Day Holiday Wednesday, September 4 Egypt: Old and New Kingdoms Monday, September 9 Pre-Columbian Meso-America Wednesday, September 1 1 Buddhist and Hindu Sanctuaries in India and Cambodia Monday, September 16 Architecture and Culture of China Wednesday, September 18Architecture and Culture of Japan Monday, September 23 Greece: Site Planning: the Acropolis and the Agora Wednesday, September 25Greece: the Architecture of Temples Monday, September 30 First Hour-Exam Wednesday, October 2 Introduction The Roman Civic Presence l: Forum, Basilica Monday, October 7 The Roman Civic Presence II: Market, Theater and Amphitheater Wednesday, October 9 The Roman Civic Presence Ill: Gate, Arch, Aqueduct Monday, October 14 The Roman Religious Presence: Temple and Tomb Wednesday, October 16The Roman Residence: Villa and House Monday, October 21 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Wednesday, October 23 Architecture of the Islamic World: the Mosque Monday, October 28 Romanesque Architecture: Pilgrimage Churches and Cistercian Monasteries Monday, November 4 Second Hour-Exam Wednesday, November 6 Introduction to the Renaissance The Work of Brunelleschi Monday, November 1 1 The Work of Alberti and Bramante Wednesday, November 13 The Work of Michelangelo and Palladio Monday, November 18 Renaissance France: the Architecture of the Chateau Wednesday, November 20 Baroque Italy: the work of Bernini and Borromini Monday, November 25 Baroque nd Rococo in Austria and Germany Wednesday, November 27 NO CLASS: Thanksgiving Holiday Monday, December 2 France in the 17th Century 16th and 17th-Century Landscape Design Wednesday, December 4 England in the 17th Century Monday, December 16 Third Hour-Exam 11:00 am ARCH 2350/6340 Prehistoric Architecture Late New Stone Age (Neolithic) 3000-1000 BCE Suggested Reading: I ngersoll, pp. 23-32; Trachtenberg, pp. 57-61; Nuttgens, pp. 10-15; Ching, pp. 23-24, 47-51; Moffett, pp. 9-14. France, Carnac (in the region of Brittany) and England, Avebury, menhirs (megaliths literally, large stones] or monolithic upright stone markers), dolmens (two menhirs supporting a horizontal block, usually used for marking tombs (substructure of a barrow), post and lintel structural system), ca. 2000-1500 BCE. England, Stonehenge (near Salisbury), composed stone group based on a circular plan (henge monument), ca. 2750-1500 BCE, post and lintel structural system, mortise and tenon Joints; optical refinements: tapered pillars, inclining lintels. France, Gordes (in the region of Provence), The Bories, reconstructed prehistoric village; domestic architecture built up with relatively thin stone slabs, use of orbeling technique, ca. 2000 BCE. trilith [literally three stones] entry portals, (combination of corbeled construction with post and lintel construction). University of Houston Egypt: Old and New Kingdoms Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 48-60, 86-97; Trachtenberg, pp. 62-71; Nuttgens, pp. 28-41; Ching, pp. 39-45, 64-73; Moffett, pp. 23-37. Important Historical Information: ca. 3200-2160 BCE Old Kingdom ca. 1570-1100 BCE New Kingdom Old Kingdom Saqqara, Mortuary Complex of King Zoser, ca. 2650 BCE mastaba (bench in Arabic; bench-like quadrangular form); architect Imhotep. Giza, complex of Great pyramids, 2580-2500 BCE Cheops (Khufu), Chepren (Khafa) and Mycerinus (Menkure) Predetermined architectural procession: river, Valley Temple, causeway, Mortuary Temple, tomb. New Kingdom Deir el Bahari, Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, ca. 1500 BCE architect: Senmut; dedicated to the sun god Amon-Ra; Proto Doric colonnades. Pre-Columbian Meso-America Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 83-190, 251-263; Nuttgens, Ch. 6; Ching, pp. 225-27, 432-34; Moffett, pp. 283-293. City of Teotihuacan, 150-650 CE, (when it was burned), located in the Valley of Mexico, ca 40 miles northeast of Mexico City: Pyramid of the Moon?talud/tablero profile; pen plaza in front of Pyramid of the Moon; Pyramid of the Sun; Citadel with Temple of the Feathe red Serpent; open compound: probably marketplace and administrative center; Street of the Dead. City of Chichen Itza, (Yucatan Peninsula), ca. 750-1200 CE: open plaza cont. pyramid, known as Castillo, Temple of Warriors to east, surrounded by rows of columns that create second open plaza, ritual Ball Court opposite, to west. Very north end of site occupied by sink well (place of sacrifice); city extends also toward south, w/ palaces and other temples (Red House) a round astronomical observatory (Caracol or snail). Buddhist and Hindu Sanctuaries in India and Cambodia suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 141-147, 216-225, 265-279; Ching, pp. 30-31, 176-81, 214-15, 235-37, 244-45, 281, 594-95, 318-20; Moffett, pp. 67-85. Mohenjo-Daro (city in Indus Valley), today in Pakistan, ca 2500 BCE Buddhist sanctuanes (Buddha [565-480 BCE]) Sanchi, Great Stupa, 1st. century CE stupa relic mound with four gates (torana) Ajanta, Chaitya Hall, 250 CE chaitya = assembly hall or cave shrine, rock-cut sanctuaries Mahabalipuram, (Mamallapuram), Shore Temples, ca 700 CE two shrines dedicated to Shiva, one to Vishnu vimana = terraced tower above each shrine Madurai, Great Temple (Sri Meenakshi Temple), 1623 CE gopuram = terraced tower above a threshold (over a portal) Hindu Sanctuaries in Cambodia Angkor Wat, temple of the capital, 1 112-52 CE Architecture and Culture of China Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 175-182, 240-250, 424-436; Nuttgens, ch. 5; Ching, pp. 185, 286, 298-99; Moffett, pp. 86-99. Great Wall(s), first begun 221-206 BCE; maintained and upgraded primarily during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). Guangdong (modern city with older districts); precedents: clay models buried in tombs, primarily from Han Dynasty burials (1st-2nd cents. CE); vernacular example: Hakka Housing. Chinese beam frame construction: Shanxi Province, Foguang Temple, 857 CE: wood frame construction, bracket clusters (tou-kung), concave roof profile. Various garden pavilions. beneficial, and the actions of man are in harmony with the social, cultural and political situations, then the feng Shui is auspicious. Three religious philosophies: Buddhism [imported from India; founded by Buddha (565-480 BCE)]. Confucianism: based on teachings of Confucius (551-479 BCE): based on moral conduct Cen) and combination of etiquette and ritual traditions (II). Taoism: based on Tao te Ching (The Book of the Virtuous Way), written by Lao-tzu, 6th cent. BCE. Songyue Pagoda, Henan Province, 520 CE Architecture and Culture of Japan Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 521-533; Nuttgens, ch. 5; Ching, pp. 287-92, 486-93; Moffett, pp. 9-109. Ise, Shinto Shrine, (Naiku), founded in 3rd cent. CE: dedicated to the Sun Goddess; tori, katsuogi, chigi, Wabi-Sabi. Nara, HoryuJi, Buddhist Shrine and Monastery, 7th cent. CE: hosho. Nagano, Matsumoto Castle, 16th cent CE. and Kobe (Hyogo), HimaJi Castle, 16th cent. CE; shogun garrison castles. Residential Archite cture Lashed frame structures: indigenous (vernacular) development. Two types develop from the lashed frame, and eventually merge together: . ) minka: based on lashed frame; rectangle, modular grid, interchangeable use of space; shoji. Teahouses (Sukiya)?influenced by Zen Buddhism Kyoto Province, Talan Teahouse, 16th cent. CE: tea-room with tokonoma, anteroom, entrance for tea master, garden path, exterior portico. Sukiya Style Residential Architecture Kyoto, Katsura Imperial Villa, 1625 CE. SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY, I Greece: Site Planning: The Acropolis and the Agora Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 117-141; Trachtenberg, pp. 91-115; Nuttgens, pp. 86-101 ;sutton, pp. 10-17; Ching, pp. 121-24, 132-34 Moffett, pp. 53-56, 60-62. Important historical information: Dorians and Ionians: two of the tribes that settled in Aegean, beginning in 1100 BCE. Greek culture based on polis (city-state) and anthropomorphic polytheism (the worship of many gods who were divine but had human-like characteristics and form). Athens, Agora, 5th cent. BCE; open marketplace and civic center of the city; surrounded by several different building types arranged casually around the open square: Stoa of Zeus (stoa: long and narrow structure, usually open to one side with a colonnade, used for many civic purposes), New Bouleterion (bouleterion: council ouse), Temple of Hephaestus, Tholos or Skias (tholos: round temple type, here adapted for use as a dining room for the heads of the city council), South Stoa, Stoa of Attalus (added in the 2nd cent. BCE); the Panathenaic Way cuts across the Agora at a diagonal. Panathenaic Way: ceremonial path from Piraeus (the port city of Athens) through Athens up to the Acropolis; used for an annual procession in honor of Athena, the goddess who protected the city. Athens, Acropolis; the hill was inhabited as early as 3000 BCE; in the 13th century BCE the hilltop was occupied by a Mycenean citadel; transformed into an Archaic